SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS

Sunspots


Sunspots are magnetic features in the photosphere of the Sun that appear darker than their surroundings. In sunspots, the process of convection is altered by the presence of strong magnetic fields, which do not allow the bubbles of hot gas coming from the interior of the Sun to emerge normally. For this reason sunspots are cooler (up to 2000 C) and darker than the quiet Sun.


Sunspots consist of a central dark area called umbra, and an outer brighter ring named penumbra with a filamentary appearance. While the umbra has strong vertical magnetic fields, the penumbra has weaker fields which bend until they are nearly horizontal. Sunspots can be observed in many different sizes and shapes, from round to elongated, and from a size of a few thousand km to monster sunspots of up to 100 000 km of diameter. They can last days, weeks, or even several months. 
Title: Sunspots

Authors
Eirik Krogh Wetterhus
Anders Nordbø
Simon B. Nielsen
Emil Lund Wøien


Teacher: Hossein Rostamzadeh
School: Asker videregående skole (Norway)
Title: Sunspots

Authors
Claudia García Díaz
Natalia Guzmán Marcos
Ruth Hidalgo Iglesias
Andrés Rodríguez Bernardo


Teacher: Julián Elvira García
School: Colegio Zazuar (Spain)
Title: Sunspots

Authors
Albert Haase
Tom Hübner
Joel Holz
Maximilian Hoppenrath


Teacher: Johannes Löhner-Böttcher
School: Hansa-Gymnasium Stralsund (Germany)
Title: Sunspots

Authors
Chrysa Vlachaki
Aikaterini Giannakopoulou
K. Diamantopoulou
Marios Koursaris


Teacher: Maria Magkanari
Title: The sunspots

Authors
Elena Morales Fernández
Andrea Pérez Conde
Sofía Parrilla Fuentes
Carmen Santiago Pérez


Teacher: Juan Torrecillas Toro
School: IES Francisco Ayala (Spain)
Title: Sunspots

Authors
Francesco Brogna
Matteo Angher
Ariele Zullo
Giacomo Schiavoni


Teacher: Alberto Bigazzi
Title: What are sunspots?

Authors
Emily Stift
Levin Franke
Philip Starz


Teacher: Rainer Rene Prokopec
Title: The Sun: sunspots and magnetic fields

Authors
Denise Buftea
Mattia Mare
Simone Staccone


Teacher: Rocco Torre
Title: Sunspots

Authors
Federico Di Crescenzo
Salvatore Mammarella
Natalia Dantese
Camilla Marinelli


Teacher: Laura Lamonea
School: Liceo Scientifico A. Volta (Italy)
Title: The sunspots

Authors
Alessandro Bartoli
Serena Dagosta
Alessia Guglielmino
Giacomo Vaccaro


Teacher: Giuseppina Balsamo